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- If atomic particles with like charges repel each other, how is
- it possible for two or more protons to remain bonded together in
- the nucleus? What mysterious force holds them in place together
- with the neutrons?
-
- Albert Einstein correctly understood that the force holding the
- nucleus together is totally different from other forces with
- which scientists had long been familiar, such as gravitational
- force and electromagnetic force. He called it the "strong
- force," for it is stronger than the force of repulsion between
- the protons.
-
- What is more important, Einstein understood that a tremendous
- amount of energy is released when the strong force is overcome
- and the nucleus loses any of its particles (protons or
- neutrons). Atoms of some elements, such as radium, lose
- particles naturally at a steady rate through a process of
- radioactive decay. Whenever any part of their nuclear mass
- separates from the atom, some of that mass is converted into
- energy. (This accounts for the glow of radium in a darkened
- room.) Atoms of uranium and plutonium can lose particles and
- generate energy when they are fissioned (split). Fission, unlike
- decay, does not occur naturally, however--at least not on our
- earth. Under controlled conditions, the uranium nucleus can be
- split by striking it with a neutron. Einstein said that the
- inert mass of any atomic nucleus (i.e., the mass of any of the
- matter in our world) contains a tremendous amount of latent
- energy. Scientists now know that 25 grammes of matter can yield
- more energy through fission than a tonne of coal can yield
- through simple burning.
-
- Under normal conditions, most atoms do not lose particles from
- their nuclei. The protons and neutrons are held in place by the
- strong force. However, as the number of protons increases, so
- does the total strength of the force pushing them apart.
- Nitrogen has only seven protons, so the force of repulsion
- between them is easily overcome. Uranium, however, with its 92
- protons, is less stable because the total force of repulsion
- between the protons is so great that the strong force can hardly
- overcome it.
-
- Atoms are grouped into categories (called elements) according to
- the number of protons in their nuclei. Thus, all atoms
- containing 92 protons are atoms of uranium. However, the number
- of neutrons in the atom of a particular element may vary. Thus,
- there is a uranium atom with a total of 238 neutrons and protons
- (92 protons and 146 neutrons) and another with 235 (92 + 143).
- These two different atoms are known as isotopes of uranium.
-
- Uranium 235 is an especially unstable isotope and, like radium,
- it decays at a steady rate. When it does so, radioactive energy
- is released. Only a very small fraction of the uranium mined
- from the earth contains this isotope; 99% of the uranium
- obtained from ore is uranium 238. When a small quantity of U235
- is separated from its ore and compressed, it emits so much
- energy in such a concentrated area that a heat explosion can
- easily occur.
-
- Such an explosion once actually did occur in a South African
- uranium mine. The mine explosion was not like the explosion of
- an atomic bomb, however, because there was no chain reaction.
- The particles thrown out of the nuclei were not able to split
- other nuclei; they simply continued on their way. They were
- moving so fast that they went through neighbouring nuclei
- without stopping.
-
- Nuclear energy as we know it was not possible until a scientist
- named Fermi found a way to slow down the particles thrown out of
- the U235 nucleus. He placed a piece of graphite between two
- pieces of uranium. The graphite reduced the velocity of the
- particles so much that they could be used to smash other atoms
- of the uranium. The pieces of uranium had to be of a certain
- size. If they were too small, the chances of a particle hitting
- a nucleus would be very small. If they were too large, then the
- number of neutrons released through chain reaction would exceed
- the number of neutrons forming into new nuclei, and a true
- atomic explosion would occur.
-
- Fermi's nuclear reactor was controlled not only by regulating
- the size of the uranium pieces, but by using cadmium rods to
- reduce the heat of the fission. The cadmium absorbed the flying
- neutrons, so if the uranium began to overheat, the cadmium rods
- could be lowered down between them.
-
- So far, the awesome power of the atom has been used mainly for
- peaceful purposes. However, even in the controlled environment
- of the nuclear power plant, nuclear fission is still considered
- dangerous. One of the major questions of our age concerns the
- suitability of nuclear energy as a replacement for conventional
- fuels, such as oil and coal.
-